| Documentation: | Census 1960 (US, County & State) |
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Publisher: U.S. Census Bureau
Survey: Census 1960 (US, County & State)
| Document: | Marital Status (Volume II, Part IV - Subject Reports) |
| citation: | U.S. Bureau of the Census. U.S. Census of Population: 1960. Subject Reports, Marital Status. Final Report PC(2)-4E. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 1966. |
Chapter Contents
Several enumeration forms were used to collect the information for the 1960 Census of Population. A few days before the census date, the Post Office Department delivered an Advance Census Report (ACR) to households on postal delivery routes. This form contained questions which were to be answered for every person and every housing unit. Household members were requested to fill the ACR and have it ready for the enumerator. The census enumerator recorded this information on a form specially designed for electronic data, processing by JFOSDIC (Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to Computer). The information was either transcribed from the ACR to the complete-count FOSDIC schedule or entered on this schedule during direct interview.
In the densely populated areas, the enumerator left a Household Questionnaire to be completed by each household (or person) in the sample and mailed to the local census office. The population and housing information was transcribed from the Household Questionnaire to a sample FOSDIC schedule. When the Household Questionnaire was not returned or was returned without having been completed, the enumerator collected the missing information by personal visit or by telephone and entered it directly on the sample FOSDIC schedule. In the remaining areas, when the enumerator picked up the ACR, he obtained all the information by direct interview and recorded it directly on the sample FOSDIC schedule.
Soon after the enumerator started work, his schedules were examined in a formal field review. This operation was designed to assure at an early stage of the work that the enumerator was performing his duties property and had corrected any errors he had made.
More detailed descriptions of the 1960 Census procedures in the collection and processing of the data are given in reports entitled United States Censuses of Population and Housing, 19601 Principal Data Collection Forms and Procedures, 1961; and Processing the Data; 1962, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
In the densely populated areas, the enumerator left a Household Questionnaire to be completed by each household (or person) in the sample and mailed to the local census office. The population and housing information was transcribed from the Household Questionnaire to a sample FOSDIC schedule. When the Household Questionnaire was not returned or was returned without having been completed, the enumerator collected the missing information by personal visit or by telephone and entered it directly on the sample FOSDIC schedule. In the remaining areas, when the enumerator picked up the ACR, he obtained all the information by direct interview and recorded it directly on the sample FOSDIC schedule.
Soon after the enumerator started work, his schedules were examined in a formal field review. This operation was designed to assure at an early stage of the work that the enumerator was performing his duties property and had corrected any errors he had made.
More detailed descriptions of the 1960 Census procedures in the collection and processing of the data are given in reports entitled United States Censuses of Population and Housing, 19601 Principal Data Collection Forms and Procedures, 1961; and Processing the Data; 1962, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402.
After the FOSDIC forms had been checked for completeness in the field, they were sent to a central processing office for Manual Editing and Coding and for microfilming. Except where some special problems arose, there was no manual coding of the FOSDIC forms for complete-count data. On the sample forms, the manual operation was limited to those items where coding required the reading of written entries and therefore could not be done effectively by machine. The coding clerks converted the written entries to codes by marking the appropriate circles on the FOSDIC schedules and at the same time were able to correct obviously wrong entries and sometimes supply missing information.
After the enumerators and coders recorded the information by marking the appropriate circles, the schedules were microfilmed. The information on the microfilm was then read by FOSDIC, which converted the markings to signals on magnetic tape. The tape, in turn, was processed in an electronic computer, which was used extensively to edit and tabulate the .data and to produce the publication tables.
For a majority of items, nonresponses and Inconsistencies were eliminated by using the computer to assign entries and correct inconsistencies. In general, few assignments or corrections were required, although the amount varied by subject and by enumerator.
The assignment of an acceptable entry by machine was based on related information reported for the person or on information reported for a similar person in the immediate neighborhood. For example, in the assignment of age in the complete-count tabulations, the computer stored reported ages of persons by sex, color or race, household relationship, and marital status; each stored age was retained in the computer only until a succeeding person having the same characteristics and having age reported was processed through the computer; this stored age was assigned to the next person whose age was unknown and who otherwise had the same characteristics. This procedure insured that the distribution of ages assigned by the computer for persons of a given set of characteristics would correspond closely to the reported age distribution of such persons as obtained in the current census.
Specific tolerances were established for the number of computer allocations acceptable for a given area. If the number was beyond tolerance, the data were rejected and the original schedules were reexamined to determine the source of the error. Correction and reprocessing were undertaken as necessary and feasible.
The assignment of an acceptable entry by machine was based on related information reported for the person or on information reported for a similar person in the immediate neighborhood. For example, in the assignment of age in the complete-count tabulations, the computer stored reported ages of persons by sex, color or race, household relationship, and marital status; each stored age was retained in the computer only until a succeeding person having the same characteristics and having age reported was processed through the computer; this stored age was assigned to the next person whose age was unknown and who otherwise had the same characteristics. This procedure insured that the distribution of ages assigned by the computer for persons of a given set of characteristics would correspond closely to the reported age distribution of such persons as obtained in the current census.
Specific tolerances were established for the number of computer allocations acceptable for a given area. If the number was beyond tolerance, the data were rejected and the original schedules were reexamined to determine the source of the error. Correction and reprocessing were undertaken as necessary and feasible.
The computer Editing and allocation procedure for marital status from the sample FOSDIC schedule was designed so that the sample marital status entry would be consistent with the entries for whether married more than once, date of first marriage, and detailed family status. Household heads with wives present and wives of household head were treated as married regardless of their original entries. Similarly, if the head or the wife of a husband-wife subfamily or of a husband-wife secondary family was reported in a marital status category other than married, the computer changed the classification to married. Heads of a parent-child subfamily or of a parent-child secondary family with a blank in marital status were edited as separated. If the marital status of a child-in-law, parent, or parent-in-law was reported as never married, this entry was changed to a blank (and then a code was assigned from the matrix described below).
After these edits were performed, all remaining persons with blanks in marital status were assigned a marital status from values stored in a 64-cell matrix in which the variables were type of living quarters, relationship to head of household, presence of children (for household heads only), sex, evidence that the person had ever married (defined as an entry in either of the questions on whether married more than once or date of first marriage, or a relationship entry of child-in-law, parent, or parent-in-law), and age (only for those persons with evidence of ever having married). The Editing and allocation of the sample data on marital status occurred after the Editing and allocation of type of living quarters, relationship, and sex, and before the Editing and allocation of color, age, and all items collected on a sample basis only.
The data on whether married more than once were transferred from the microfilmed stage II FOSDIC schedule to the computer tape without prior manual Editing. No manual coding was necessary because the item was precoded on the schedules. A computer edit was used to eliminate inconsistencies and to allocate blanks. Blanks on whether married more than once were allocated as follows. If the person was married, spouse present, and the person's date of first marriage was the same as or later than that of the spouse, the person was recorded as married once. If the person was married, spouse present, and the person's date of first marriage was earlier than that of the spouse the person was coded as married more than once. For all other persons, blanks for whether married more than once were allocated from the value stored in a 28-cell matrix in which the variables were age, sex, and color.
The extent of allocation for nonresponse on marital status is described in the section, on "Quality of the Data," above. Certain types of response assignment (or allocation), however, are not shown in these tables. The following are the chief examples for marital status: Allocations of marital status and sex were automatically made for persons identified as wives of household heads or as heads of households with wife present; all persons coded as wives were automatically classified as female and married, and all heads with wife present as male and married. These automatic classifications occurred regardless of the original entries in sex or marital status, and assignments in sex or marital status resulting from these allocations were not recorded. Furthermore, the data shown above on allocations for nonresponse do not include the 0.2 percent of the population for whom data were replicated because there were no sample data for them; for these persons, the characteristics shown are those for persons in the substitute households.
After these edits were performed, all remaining persons with blanks in marital status were assigned a marital status from values stored in a 64-cell matrix in which the variables were type of living quarters, relationship to head of household, presence of children (for household heads only), sex, evidence that the person had ever married (defined as an entry in either of the questions on whether married more than once or date of first marriage, or a relationship entry of child-in-law, parent, or parent-in-law), and age (only for those persons with evidence of ever having married). The Editing and allocation of the sample data on marital status occurred after the Editing and allocation of type of living quarters, relationship, and sex, and before the Editing and allocation of color, age, and all items collected on a sample basis only.
The data on whether married more than once were transferred from the microfilmed stage II FOSDIC schedule to the computer tape without prior manual Editing. No manual coding was necessary because the item was precoded on the schedules. A computer edit was used to eliminate inconsistencies and to allocate blanks. Blanks on whether married more than once were allocated as follows. If the person was married, spouse present, and the person's date of first marriage was the same as or later than that of the spouse, the person was recorded as married once. If the person was married, spouse present, and the person's date of first marriage was earlier than that of the spouse the person was coded as married more than once. For all other persons, blanks for whether married more than once were allocated from the value stored in a 28-cell matrix in which the variables were age, sex, and color.
The extent of allocation for nonresponse on marital status is described in the section, on "Quality of the Data," above. Certain types of response assignment (or allocation), however, are not shown in these tables. The following are the chief examples for marital status: Allocations of marital status and sex were automatically made for persons identified as wives of household heads or as heads of households with wife present; all persons coded as wives were automatically classified as female and married, and all heads with wife present as male and married. These automatic classifications occurred regardless of the original entries in sex or marital status, and assignments in sex or marital status resulting from these allocations were not recorded. Furthermore, the data shown above on allocations for nonresponse do not include the 0.2 percent of the population for whom data were replicated because there were no sample data for them; for these persons, the characteristics shown are those for persons in the substitute households.
Human and mechanical errors occur in any mass statistical operation such as a decennial census. Such errors include failure to obtain required information from respondents, obtaining inconsistent information, recording information in the wrong place or incorrectly, or otherwise producing inconsistencies between entries on interrelated items on the field documents. Sampling biases occur because some of the enumerators fail to follow the sampling instructions. Clerical coding and editing errors occur, as well as errors in the Electronic Processing operation.
Careful efforts are made in every census to keep the errors in each step at an acceptably low level. Review of the enumerator's work, verification of manual coding and Editing, checking of tabulated figures, and Ratio Estimation of sample data to control totals from the complete count reduce the effects of the errors in the census data.
Very minor differences between tables in this report or between corresponding data in this report and chapters C and D of the Volume I report, Characteristics of the Population, result from imperfections in the electronic equipment. No attempt has been made to reconcile these minor discrepancies.
Some innovations in the 1960 Censuses reduced errors in processing and others produced a more consistent quality of Editing. The elimination of the card-punching operation removed one important source of error. The extensive use of electronic equipment insured a more uniform and more flexible edit than could have been accomplished manually or by less intricate mechanical equipment. It is believed that the use of electronic equipment in the 1960 Censuses has improved the quality of the Editing compared with that of earlier censuses but, at the same time, it has introduced an element of difference in the statistics.
A group of reports designated "Evaluation and Research Program Series" deals with the methods, results, and interpretation of a group of evaluation and research studies of the 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing. A report entitled The Post-Enumeration Survey: 1950, Technical Paper No. 4, presents evaluative material on the 1950 Census.
Careful efforts are made in every census to keep the errors in each step at an acceptably low level. Review of the enumerator's work, verification of manual coding and Editing, checking of tabulated figures, and Ratio Estimation of sample data to control totals from the complete count reduce the effects of the errors in the census data.
Very minor differences between tables in this report or between corresponding data in this report and chapters C and D of the Volume I report, Characteristics of the Population, result from imperfections in the electronic equipment. No attempt has been made to reconcile these minor discrepancies.
Some innovations in the 1960 Censuses reduced errors in processing and others produced a more consistent quality of Editing. The elimination of the card-punching operation removed one important source of error. The extensive use of electronic equipment insured a more uniform and more flexible edit than could have been accomplished manually or by less intricate mechanical equipment. It is believed that the use of electronic equipment in the 1960 Censuses has improved the quality of the Editing compared with that of earlier censuses but, at the same time, it has introduced an element of difference in the statistics.
A group of reports designated "Evaluation and Research Program Series" deals with the methods, results, and interpretation of a group of evaluation and research studies of the 1960 Censuses of Population and Housing. A report entitled The Post-Enumeration Survey: 1950, Technical Paper No. 4, presents evaluative material on the 1950 Census.
